Ukraine put its armed forces on the highest alert on Sunday after Russian President VladimirPutin declared he had the right to use military force to protect Russian citizens in the country,creating the biggest confrontation between Moscow and the West since the Cold War.
"This is not a threat, this is actually the declaration of war to my country," said Ukraine's PrimeMinister Arseny Yatsenyuk, head of a pro-Western government that took power when Russian allyViktor Yanukovych fled last week.
Putin obtained permission from Russia's parliament on Saturday to send troops into Ukraine,spurning Western pleas not to intervene.
NATO's top official said Russia's military intervention in Ukraine violates the UN charter andthreatens peace and security in Europe.
NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen spoke on Sunday before going into ameeting of the North Atlantic Council, the alliance's political decision-making body.
"Russia must stop its military activities and threats," he said.
He said he called the meeting "because of Russia's military action in Ukraine and because ofPresident Putin's threats against this sovereign nation."
In a bloodless maneuver, Russian forces have already seized Crimea - an isolated Black Seapeninsula where Moscow has a naval base. They surrounded several small Ukrainian militaryoutposts there on Sunday and demanded that the Ukrainian troops disarm. Some refused, but noshots were fired.
The outnumbered Ukrainians placed a tank at the gate of a Ukrainian military base in Crimea,leaving the two sides in a tense standoff.
Ukraine's security council ordered the general staff to immediately put all armed forces onhighest alert, the council's secretary Andriy Parubiy announced.
The Defense Ministry was ordered to call up reserves - theoretically all men up to 40 in a countrywith universal male conscription.
"If President Putin wants to be the president who started the war between two neighboring andfriendly countries, between Ukraine and Russia, he has reached this target within a few inches.We are on the brink of disaster," Yatseniuk said in televised remarks in English, appealing forWestern support.
Putin's declaration that he has the right to invade his neighbor - for which he quickly received theunanimous approval of his senate - brought the prospect of war to a country of 46 million peopleon the edge of central Europe.
From Washington, US President Barack Obama spoke with Putin by telephone for 90 minutes.The White House later said, "President Obama expressed his deep concern over Russia's clearviolation of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity, which is a breach of international law".
Putin told Obama, "There are real threats to the life and health of Russian citizens andcompatriots on Ukrainian territory".
Moscow reserved the right to intervene on behalf of Russian speakers anywhere they werethreatened, Putin added, according to the Kremlin's transcript of the phone call.
So far, the Western response has been largely symbolic. Obama and other leaders suspendedplans to attend a G8 summit in Sochi. Some countries recalled ambassadors.
"This is probably the most dangerous situation in Europe since the Soviet invasion ofCzechoslovakia in 1968," said a Western official. "Realistically, we have to assume the Crimeais in Russian hands. The challenge now is to deter Russia from taking over the Russian-speakingeast of Ukraine."
In Russia, state media portray former Ukraine leader Viktor Yanukovych's removal as a coup bydangerous extremists funded by the West and there has been little sign of dissent with that line.
Russian officials have repeatedly described Ukraine's Russian speakers - some of whom haveRussian passports - as facing urgent danger. Itar-Tass quoted Russian border guards as saying675,000 people had fled Ukraine for Russia in the past two months and there were signs of a"humanitarian catastrophe".